Summary: A common form of hyperpigmentation characterized by symmetrical brown or gray-brown patches on the face.
Melasma is a chronic skin condition involving excess melanin production that leads to uneven pigmentation, typically appearing on sun-exposed areas such as the cheeks, forehead, upper lip, and chin. It is more common in individuals with darker skin tones and is influenced by a combination of factors including ultraviolet (UV) radiation, hormonal changes (e.g., pregnancy, oral contraceptives), and genetic predisposition. The pigmentation is usually symmetrical and can vary in intensity over time. Although melasma is benign, it can be persistent and difficult to treat. Management typically involves strict sun protection and the use of topical agents like hydroquinone, azelaic acid, retinoids, or chemical peels. In some cases, procedures such as laser therapy may be considered, though recurrence is common without ongoing prevention.